Manis

Asiatic pangolin; Temporal range: 12.9–0 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Middle Miocene - present
	Living pangolins from genus Manis
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Pholidota
Family:	Manidae
Subfamily:	Maninae; Gray, 1821
Genus:	Manis; Linnaeus, 1758
Type species
	Manis pentadactyla; Linnaeus, 1758
Species
	Manis crassicaudata; Manis pentadactyla; †Manis hungarica; †Manis lydekkeri; Subgenus: Paramanis Manis culionensis; Manis javanica; Manis mysteria; †Manis palaeojavanica; ;
	Manis crassicaudata Manis culionensis Manis javanica Manis pentadactyla
Synonyms
	synonyms of subfamily: Mania ; Manidae (Gray, 1821) ; Manina (Gray, 1825) ; Pholidotina (Gray, 1873) ; synonyms of genus: Pangolin (Gray, 1873) ; Pangolinus (Rafinesque, 1821) ; Paramanis (Pocock, 1924) ; Phatages (Sundevall, 1843) ; Phatagenus (Sundevall, 1843) ; Pholidotus (Brisson, 1762) ; Quaggelo (Frisch, 1775) ;

Manis ("spirit") is a genus of South Asian and East Asian pangolins, the Asiatic pangolins, from subfamily Maninae, within family Manidae.^[5]^[6]

Etymology

Carl Linnaeus (1758) invented the Neo-Latin generic name Manis apparently as a feminine singular form of the Latin masculine plural Manes, the Ancient Roman name for a type of spirit, after the animal's strange appearance.^[7]

Taxonomy

Subfamily: Maninae (Asiatic pangolins)
- Genus: Manis (Asiatic pangolins)
  - Manis crassicaudata (Indian pangolin)
  - Manis pentadactyla (Chinese pangolin)
  - †Manis hungarica
  - †Manis lydekkeri
  - Subgenus: Paramanis
    - Manis culionensis (Philippine pangolin)
    - Manis javanica (Sunda pangolin)
    - †Manis palaeojavanica (Giant asian pangolin)

Phylogeny

Phylogenetic position of genus Manis within family Manidae.^[8]^[9]^[1]

Pholidotamorpha

†Palaeanodonta

Pholidota

†Euromanis

?

†Pholidota sp. (BC 16’08)

†Eurotamanduidae

Eupholidota

†Eomanoidea

Manoidea

†Patriomanidae

?

†Necromanis

Manidae

Smutsiinae

	Phatagininae

	Smutsiinae (sensu stricto)

sensu lato

?

†Manidae sp. (DPC 3972 & DPC 4364)

Maninae

Manis

	Manis pentadactyla

?	†Manis hungarica

	Manis crassicaudata

?	†Manis lydekkeri

?

Manis sp. (Scale_H4 & Scale_H8)

(Paramanis)

	Manis culionensis

	Manis javanica

?	†Manis palaeojavanica

sensu stricto

(Pholidota sensu lato)

References

^ ^a ^b Philippe Gaubert, Agostinho Antunes, Hao Meng, Lin Miao, Stéphane Peigné, Fabienne Justy, Flobert Njiokou, Sylvain Dufour, Emmanuel Danquah, Jayanthi Alahakoon, Erik Verheyen, William T Stanley, Stephen J O’Brien, Warren E Johnson, Shu-Jin Luo (2018) "The Complete Phylogeny of Pangolins: Scaling Up Resources for the Molecular Tracing of the Most Trafficked Mammals on Earth" Journal of Heredity, Volume 109, Issue 4, Pages 347–359
^ Palmer, Theodore Sherman (1904). Index Generum Mammalium: A List of the Genera and Families of Mammals. U. S. Government Printing Office. p. 822.
^ "Taxonomic history of the genus Manis". Mikko's Phylogeny Archive. Retrieved 2019-09-18.
^ J. E. Gray. (1825.) "An outline of an attempt at the disposition of Mammalia into Tribes and Families, with a list of genera apparently appertaining to each Tribe." Annals of Philosophy, new series 10:337-344
^ "Oldstyle id: d36852dde74a91d7c965591b175947ec". Catalogue of Life. Species 2000: Leiden, the Netherlands.
^ Schlitter, D.A. (2005). "Order Pholidota". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 530–531. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
^ "ITIS Report Manis Linnaeus, 1758". Retrieved May 28, 2018.
^ Gaudin, Timothy (2009). "The Phylogeny of Living and Extinct Pangolins (Mammalia, Pholidota) and Associated Taxa: A Morphology Based Analysis" (PDF). Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 16 (4). Heidelberg, Germany: Springer Science+Business Media: 235–305. doi:10.1007/s10914-009-9119-9. S2CID 1773698. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-25. Retrieved 2020-11-19.
^ Kondrashov, Peter; Agadjanian, Alexandre K. (2012). "A nearly complete skeleton of Ernanodon (Mammalia, Palaeanodonta) from Mongolia: morphofunctional analysis". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 32 (5): 983–1001. Bibcode:2012JVPal..32..983K. doi:10.1080/02724634.2012.694319. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 86059673.

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[Gaubert2018-1] Philippe Gaubert, Agostinho Antunes, Hao Meng, Lin Miao, Stéphane Peigné, Fabienne Justy, Flobert Njiokou, Sylvain Dufour, Emmanuel Danquah, Jayanthi Alahakoon, Erik Verheyen, William T Stanley, Stephen J O’Brien, Warren E Johnson, Shu-Jin Luo (2018) "The Complete Phylogeny of Pangolins: Scaling Up Resources for the Molecular Tracing of the Most Trafficked Mammals on Earth" Journal of Heredity, Volume 109, Issue 4, Pages 347–359

[2] Palmer, Theodore Sherman (1904). Index Generum Mammalium: A List of the Genera and Families of Mammals. U. S. Government Printing Office. p. 822.

[3] "Taxonomic history of the genus Manis". Mikko's Phylogeny Archive. Retrieved 2019-09-18.

[4] J. E. Gray. (1825.) "An outline of an attempt at the disposition of Mammalia into Tribes and Families, with a list of genera apparently appertaining to each Tribe." Annals of Philosophy, new series 10:337-344

[5] "Oldstyle id: d36852dde74a91d7c965591b175947ec". Catalogue of Life. Species 2000: Leiden, the Netherlands.

[Schlitter-6] Schlitter, D.A. (2005). "Order Pholidota". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 530–531. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.

[7] "ITIS Report Manis Linnaeus, 1758". Retrieved May 28, 2018.

[web2.utc.edu-8] Gaudin, Timothy (2009). "The Phylogeny of Living and Extinct Pangolins (Mammalia, Pholidota) and Associated Taxa: A Morphology Based Analysis" (PDF). Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 16 (4). Heidelberg, Germany: Springer Science+Business Media: 235–305. doi:10.1007/s10914-009-9119-9. S2CID 1773698. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-25. Retrieved 2020-11-19.

[KondrashovAgadjanian2012-9] Kondrashov, Peter; Agadjanian, Alexandre K. (2012). "A nearly complete skeleton of Ernanodon (Mammalia, Palaeanodonta) from Mongolia: morphofunctional analysis". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 32 (5): 983–1001. Bibcode:2012JVPal..32..983K. doi:10.1080/02724634.2012.694319. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 86059673.

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